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Concord (Agreement) Kesesuaian (Persesuaian)
Concord (Agreement) in English means that certain parts of a sentence must match each other in number, person, or gender so the sentence is grammatically correct. Dalam bahasa Inggris, konkordansi (kesepakatan) berarti bahwa bagian-bagian tertentu dari sebuah kalimat harus cocok satu sama lain dalam jumlah, orang, atau jenis kelamin agar kalimat tersebut benar secara tata bahasa.
In TOEFL, long sentences are used to confuse the subject — find it first!
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Part A
Singular subject → singular verb
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A.1. Kesesuaian Jumlah Subjek-Kata Kerja She/He/It/ a boy / a cat + Is /V1+s /Does/Has ( Present) Atau She/He/It/ a boy / a cat + Was/V2 /Did//Had (Past)
1.1. Singular subject → singular verb NB.
✔ She likes coffee. ✔ Dia suka kopi.
✔ He writes a letter. ✔ Dia menulis sepucuk surat.
A.2
Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns Kesesuaian dengan Kata Ganti Tak Tentu Beberapa kata ganti tak tentu selalu tunggal: - Everyone, Someone, Nobody, Each + Is /Was/V1+s /Does/Has Semua orang, seseorang, tidak seorang pun, masing-masing
Catatan :
Perbedaan singkat:
A.3 “What + clause” = dianggap tungggal
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Part B Plural subject → plural verb
B.1
They/We/You /2 boys /Tom and Jerry +Are/V1/do/have (Present)
Atau
They/We/You /2 boys /Tom and Jerry +Were /V2/did/had ( Past)
Mereka suka kopi.
Kami menulis sepucuk surat.
B.2 Some indefinite pronouns are always plural: Beberapa kata ganti tak tentu selalu jamak:
Few /Many/Several + Are /V1/do/have
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B.3 Ketika dua subjek digabungkan “ and” → kata kerja jamak Subject 1 and Subject 2 + Are /V1/do/have ( Present) Subject 1 and Subject 2 + were /V2/did/had ( Past )
Catatan : Can/Could/May/Might/Would /Will + V1 ( Aux + V1)
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Part C Some indefinite pronouns are depend on context: Beberapa kata ganti tak tentu bergantung pada konteks
All, Some, None Semua, sebagian, tidak ada
C.1.
All, some, none + UN + is /V1+s/does/has
Atau
All, some, none + CN + Are /V1/do/have
:
Sebagian airnya kotor.
Sebagian siswanya terlambat. -
Semua buku ada di atas meja. -
Tidak ada jawaban yang benar.
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C.2
Collective nouns (team, family, class) can be singular or plural, depending on meaning. Kata benda kolektif (tim, keluarga, kelas) dapat berupa tunggal atau jamak, tergantung pada maknanya.
Subject sbg satu kesatuan + is /V1+s/does/has Subject per individu + Are /V1/do/have
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Kelas sedang belajar tata bahasa.
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Trap : Collective nouns Jebakan : Kata benda kolektif
koleksi, rangkaian, kelompok → tunggal
• • kecuali jika jelas bertindak secara individual (jarang dalam TOEFL)
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Part D Trap ( Jebakan)
D.1 Neither / Either Baik / Salah satu
D.1.1. Neither (tidak keduanya) (biasanya pakai kata kerja tunggal)
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D.1.2. Either (salah satu dari dua) (biasanya pakai kata kerja tunggal)
D.1.3. Tambahan penting: Verb agrees with the nearest subject. Kata kerja sesuai dengan jumlah subjek terdekat. Digabungkan oleh …..Or… /… nor…. → kata kerja sesuai dengan subjek terdekat
Either --- Or ---
Baik guru maupun siswa bertanggung jawab.
Baik siswa maupun guru bertanggung jawab.
Neither --- Nor ---
Baik anak laki-laki maupun perempuan itu belum /tidak datang.
b) Joined by “or / nor” → verb agrees with the nearest subject b)
D.2 The number …vs A number Jumlah … vs Sejumlah …
D.2.1. The number (jumlahnya spesifik / pasti) The number of Plural Noun … + Is /Was/V1+s/does/has
Artinya: fokus pada jumlah totalnya
D.2.2. A number (sejumlah / banyak) A number of Plural Noun + Are/were /V1/do/have
Artinya: beberapa / banyak, tidak spesifik jumlahnya
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Part E
Pronoun–Antecedent Agreement Kesepakatan Kata Ganti dan Anteseden
A pronoun must agree with its antecedent (the noun it replaces). Kesesuaian “Kata Ganti” dan Kata Benda yang Digantikannya Kata ganti harus sesuai dengan kata benda yang digantikannya.
Setiap siswa harus membawa bukunya.
Gadis-gadis itu menyelesaikan pekerjaan rumah mereka.
Waspada :
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Part F
Agreement in Number Kesesuaian dalam Jumlah This=1 / These >1 ini =1 / ini >1 - That =1 / Those>1) itu=1 /itu >1
Kata tunjuk harus sesuai dengan jumlah kata benda.
Buku ini menarik. -
Buku-buku ini menarik.
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Part G Prepositional Phrases Abaikan jumlah semua benda yang ada setelah kata
Catatan : Perhatikan jumlah subject berada di depan kata tersebut
Contoh lain :
Kualitas produknya sangat baik.
Awas jumlah subject >1:
Beberapa apel tersebut sudah busuk.
NB The list of names is missing. Daftar nama-nama itu hilang
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Part H
There is / There are ( ada) Kata kerja sesuai dengan jumlah subjek sebenarnya setelah kata kerja is /are
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Part I Subject dianggap =1
karena sebagai kata benda tak dapat dihitung (uncountable nouns) satu persatu
1. Konsep abstrak
4. Mata pelajaran / bidang studi
Beberapa kata benda ini bisa menjadi dapat dihitung jika ditambahkan satuan:
- -
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Part J
Kata benda yang selalu berbentuk jamak
1. Pakaian (dengan dua bagian)
Awas : Jika ingin menghitungnya, gunakan:
2. Alat dan instrumen
3. Uang / barang milik / konsep jamak umum
4. Aktivitas / permainan / bidang yang berakhiran -s
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Part K Choose the correct option A–D
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1 |
Everyone in the class ___ required to wear the uniform. Semua orang di kelas ___ diwajibkan mengenakan seragam. A. are B. were C. is D. have
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2 |
Either the principal or the teachers ___ to address the students. Baik kepala sekolah maupun guru ___ ingin untuk berbicara kepada para siswa. A. wants B. want C. wanted D. has wanted
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A number of boys ___ absent yesterday. Sejumlah anak laki-laki ___ absen kemarin. A. is B. was C. were D. has
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The bouquet of flowers ___ beautiful. Buket bunga itu ___ indah. A. are B. is C. were D. have been
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Each of the contestants ___ a prize. Masing-masing kontestan –menerima--sebuah hadiah. A. receive B. receiving C. receives D. received
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Neither of the answers ___ correct. Tidak satu pun dari jawaban tersebut ___ benar. A. are B. were C. is D. have
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The committee ___ divided in their opinions. Komite tersebut ___ terpecah pendapatnya. A. is B. are C. was D. has
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Mathematics ___ my strongest subject. Matematika ___ adalah mata pelajaran terkuat saya. A. are B. were C. have been D. is
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This pair of trousers ___ too tight. Celana ini ___ terlalu ketat. A. are B. is C. were D. have
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There ___ several reasons for his failure. Ada beberapa alasan mengapa dia gagal. A. is B. was C. are D. has
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(Identify the grammatically correct option) The number of applicants ___ increased this year. Jumlah pelamar – telah-- meningkat tahun ini. A. have B. are C. has D. were
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Everyone who signed the forms ___ required to attend the meeting. Semua orang yang menandatangani formulir ___ diwajibkan untuk menghadiri pertemuan. A. are B. were C. is D. have been
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Some of the information ___ incorrect. Sebagian informasi ___ tidak akurat. A. are B. were C. is D. have
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The students, as well as the teacher, ___ present. Para siswa, serta guru, ___ hadir. A. are B. were C. is D. have been
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Neither the manager nor the assistants ___ available. Baik manajer maupun asistennya tidak tersedia. A. is B. was C. are D. has been
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Part L Choose the correct option A–D
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1 |
Everyone in the room ___ aware of the rules. Semua orang di ruangan itu ___ menyadari aturannya. A. are B. were C. have been D. is
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The list of selected candidates ___ on the notice board. Daftar kandidat terpilih ___ di papan pengumuman. A. are B. were C. is D. have
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Either the boys or the girl ___ responsible for the noise. Entah anak laki-laki atau perempuan ___ bertanggung jawab atas kebisingan tersebut. A. are B. were C. have been D. is
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A number of applicants ___ disqualified. Sejumlah pelamar ___ didiskualifikasi. A. is B. was C. are D. has
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The number of applicants ___ increased this year. A. are B. have C. were D. has
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Each of the players ___ given a jersey. Masing-masing pemain ___ diberi jersey. A. were B. have C. are D. was
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Neither of the answers ___ correct. Tidak satu pun dari jawaban tersebut ___ benar. A. are B. were C. is D. have been
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Mathematics ___ compulsory in this school. Matematika ___ {di}wajib{kan} di sekolah ini. A. are B. were C. have been D. is
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The teacher, together with the students, ___ arrived. Guru itu, bersama dengan para siswa, ___ {telah} tiba. A. are B. were C. have D. has
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Some of the furniture ___ damaged. Sebagian perabotannya ___ rusak. A. are B. were C. have been D. is
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The committee ___ agreed on the decision. Komite tersebut ___{ telah }menyetujui keputusan tersebut. A. are B. were C. have D. has
Committee acting as one body |
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None of the students ___ submitted the assignment. Tidak satu pun dari siswa tersebut ___{ telah }menyerahkan tugas. A. are B. were C. have D. has None treated as singular in exams
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Part M
Choose the correct verb form
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1 |
Each of the studies conducted over the past decade ___ that early bilingualism enhances cognitive flexibility. Masing-masing studi yang dilakukan selama dekade terakhir ___ menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan berbahasa ganda sejak dini meningkatkan fleksibilitas kognitif.
Answer: B
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A number of factors, including socioeconomic status and parental involvement, ___ to language acquisition outcomes. Sejumlah faktor, termasuk status sosial ekonomi dan keterlibatan orang tua, ___ {berkontribusi} terhadap hasil pemerolehan bahasa. Answer: C
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The number of applicants who ___ admitted this year significantly lower than expected. Jumlah pelamar yang ___ diterima tahun ini jauh lebih rendah dari yang diharapkan. Answer: B
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Neither the professor nor the graduate students ___ willing to revise the experimental protocol. Baik profesor maupun mahasiswa pascasarjana tidak ---bersedia merevisi protokol eksperimen. Answer: D
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What the committee members proposed during the meeting ___ not align with the university’s long-term objectives. Usulan yang diajukan oleh anggota komite selama pertemuan tersebut ___ tidak sejalan dengan tujuan jangka panjang universitas. Answer: A
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The collection of ancient manuscripts, some of which ___ severely damaged, requires immediate restoration. Koleksi manuskrip kuno, beberapa di antaranya ___ rusak parah, memerlukan restorasi segera. Answer: B
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There ___ several hypotheses, along with supporting evidence, that challenge the traditional theory. Terdapat beberapa hipotesis, beserta bukti pendukungnya, yang menantang teori tradisional. Answer: D
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Not only the reliability of the data but also the methods used to obtain it ___ under scrutiny. Tidak hanya keandalan data tetapi juga metode yang digunakan untuk memperolehnya ___ perlu diteliti. Answer: C
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One of the reasons the results ___ difficult to interpret lies in the inconsistency of the variables. Salah satu alasan mengapa hasil penelitian sulit diinterpretasikan terletak pada inkonsistensi variabel-variabelnya. Answer: C
Here are a few clear and correct options, depending on the tone you want:
If you want it to sound more technical or more conversational, I can refine it further.
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The extent to which environmental factors influence cognitive development ___ still a subject of debate. Sejauh mana faktor lingkungan memengaruhi perkembangan kognitif ___ masih menjadi bahan perdebatan. Answer: B
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Part N
Instructions: Each sentence contains four underlined parts (A, B, C, D). - Choose the one part that is grammatically incorrect. - Focus: Concord / Subject–Verb Agreement traps only. Fokus: Hanya jebakan kesesuaian tata bahasa/subjek-predikat.
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The effects of prolonged exposure to digital media on young children’s attention span has been the subject of extensive debate among psychologists. Dampak paparan media digital yang berkepanjangan terhadap rentang perhatian anak-anak usia dini telah menjadi subjek perdebatan luas di kalangan psikolog. ✅ Answer: C
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Each of the proposals submitted by the committee members require further revision before approval by the board. Masing-masing usulan yang diajukan oleh anggota komite memerlukan revisi lebih lanjut sebelum disetujui oleh dewan. ✅ Answer: C
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The number of students who enroll in advanced linguistics courses have increased steadily over the past decade. Jumlah mahasiswa yang mendaftar di kursus linguistik tingkat lanjut telah meningkat secara stabil selama dekade terakhir. ✅ Answer: C
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Neither the quality of the data nor the conclusions drawn from it was convincing enough to support the hypothesis. Baik kualitas data maupun kesimpulan yang ditarik darinya tidak cukup meyakinkan untuk mendukung hipotesis tersebut. ✅ Answer: C
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One of the factors that contributes to the decline in biodiversity are habitat fragmentation and climate change. Salah satu faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap penurunan keanekaragaman hayati adalah fragmentasi habitat dan perubahan iklim. ✅ Answer: C
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There is a variety of social and economic factors that influence migration patterns worldwide. Terdapat beragam faktor sosial dan ekonomi yang memengaruhi pola migrasi di seluruh dunia. ✅ Answer: A
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The collection of rare artifacts displayed in the museum were donated by private collectors. Koleksi artefak langka yang dipamerkan di museum ini merupakan sumbangan dari para kolektor pribadi. ✅ Answer: C
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Not only the availability of resources but also the trained personnel plays a crucial role in disaster response. Bukan hanya ketersediaan sumber daya, tetapi juga personel yang terlatih memainkan peran penting dalam penanggulangan bencana. ✅ Answer: D
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What the researchers discovered during the experiment were inconsistent with previously accepted theories. Apa yang ditemukan para peneliti selama percobaan tersebut tidak konsisten dengan teori-teori yang diterima sebelumnya.
✅ Answer: C
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A series of controlled trials were conducted to verify the reliability of the findings. Serangkaian uji coba terkontrol dilakukan untuk memverifikasi keandalan temuan tersebut. ✅ Answer: C
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Part O Error Identification Identifikasi Kesalahan
Each sentence contains four underlined parts. Setiap kalimat berisi empat bagian yang digarisbawahi.
Choose the one incorrect part. Pilih satu bagian yang salah.
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Each of the participants in the long-term study have completed the required assessments. Masing-masing peserta dalam studi jangka panjang telah menyelesaikan penilaian yang diperlukan.
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The number of research articles published on climate change have increased dramatically. Jumlah artikel penelitian yang diterbitkan tentang perubahan iklim telah meningkat secara dramatis.
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A variety of explanations has been proposed to account for the phenomenon. Berbagai penjelasan telah diajukan untuk menjelaskan fenomena tersebut.
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Neither the professor nor the teaching assistants was aware of the policy change. Baik profesor maupun asisten pengajar tidak mengetahui perubahan kebijakan tersebut.
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The collection of historical documents were stored in a temperature-controlled facility. Koleksi dokumen bersejarah tersebut disimpan di fasilitas yang suhunya terkontrol.
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There is several theories that challenge the conventional model. Terdapat beberapa teori yang menantang model konvensional.
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One of the primary reasons the results are unreliable is insufficient sampling. Salah satu alasan utama mengapa hasilnya tidak dapat diandalkan adalah karena pengambilan sampel yang tidak memadai.
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What the committee members recommended were rejected by the board of directors. Rekomendasi dari para anggota komite ditolak oleh dewan direksi.
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A series of experiments were conducted to test the new hypothesis. Serangkaian percobaan dilakukan untuk menguji hipotesis baru tersebut.
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The effects of environmental toxins on aquatic life has been extensively documented. Dampak racun lingkungan terhadap kehidupan akuatik telah didokumentasikan secara luas.
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Each student and faculty member are required to carry identification at all times.
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The number of applicants who were accepted this year are lower than anticipated. Jumlah pelamar yang diterima tahun ini lebih rendah dari yang diperkirakan.
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Not only the cost of tuition but also the additional fees creates a financial burden. Bukan hanya biaya kuliah, tetapi juga biaya tambahan lainnya yang menciptakan beban keuangan.
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There has been many attempts to resolve the conflict through negotiation. Telah banyak upaya dilakukan untuk menyelesaikan konflik melalui negosiasi.
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The group of volunteers were assigned to different locations. Kelompok relawan tersebut ditugaskan ke lokasi yang berbeda-beda.
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What the survey reveals about public opinion suggest a shift in attitudes. Apa yang diungkapkan survei tentang opini publik menunjukkan adanya pergeseran sikap.
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Each of the solutions proposed by the consultants have potential drawbacks.
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A number of researchers has questioned the validity of the findings. Sejumlah peneliti mempertanyakan keabsahan temuan tersebut.
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The quality of the products, along with their durability, were evaluated. Kualitas produk, beserta daya tahannya, telah dievaluasi.
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Neither the results nor the interpretation of the data support the original theory. Baik hasil maupun interpretasi data tidak mendukung teori awal.
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There was several discrepancies in the witness testimonies. Terdapat beberapa ketidaksesuaian dalam kesaksian para saksi.
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One of the consequences that results from prolonged exposure are memory loss. Salah satu konsekuensi yang timbul akibat paparan berkepanjangan adalah kehilangan ingatan.
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The series of lectures on cognitive science have attracted a wide audience. Rangkaian kuliah tentang ilmu kognitif telah menarik banyak peminat.
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What the authors intended by their remarks were misunderstood by critics. Apa yang dimaksudkan para penulis melalui pernyataan mereka disalahpahami oleh para kritikus.
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Each of the reports submitted to the ethics committee were reviewed carefully. Setiap laporan yang diserahkan kepada komite etik telah ditinjau dengan cermat.
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Alamat kami :
Gadjah Mada English School ( GMES)
Jl. Kadipaten Kulon No. 27 B, Kraton , Yogyakarta
Phone/WA : 0812 274 7050
Website : gmesenglish.blogspot.com
Bantuan Transportasi :
Google Map : tulis “gmes english” Gojek : tulis “ gmes english” Grab : tulis “gmes english”
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Kursus Bahasa Inggris bisa juga dengan jarak jauh /on line / internet menggunakan aplikasi “ ZOOM MEETING” dan “ GOOGLE MEET” silahkan hubungi No WA / Phone diatas
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